As generative AI floods the internet with a tsunami of content, telling the difference between what was written by a human and what was generated by an algorithm is becoming increasingly difficult. While AI detection tools often fail, the best guide remains the human eye, trained to spot the subtle and not-so-subtle tells of a machine.

Wikipedia, one of the platforms fighting the biggest battle against this influx, has compiled a comprehensive “field guide” titled Signs of AI writing based on its editors’ experiences reviewing tens of thousands of AI-generated texts. This guide offers invaluable clues for anyone navigating the modern web to help identify what’s often called “AI slop”—the soulless, generic, and often problematic text generated by AI.

It’s important to remember that these signs are not definitive proof of AI generation, but rather strong indicators. After all, Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained on human writing. However, these are the most common patterns that betray a machine’s hand.

1. Undue emphasis on symbolism and importance

LLMs have a tendency to inflate the importance of their subject matter. They often describe a mundane town as a “symbol of resilience” or a minor event as a “watershed moment.” If you see an overabundance of grandiose phrases like “stands as a testament to,” “plays a vital/significant role,” “underscores its importance,” or “leaves a lasting impact,” you have good reason to be suspicious. It’s a formulaic attempt to sound profound without providing real substance.

2. Vapid and promotional language

AI struggles to maintain a neutral tone, especially when writing about topics like cultural heritage or tourist destinations. The text often reads like it was lifted from a travel brochure. Watch for clichés like “rich cultural heritage,” “breathtaking,” “must-visit,” “stunning natural beauty,” and being “nestled in the heart of…” These are classic hallmarks of generic, promotional writing that AI frequently defaults to.

3. Awkward sentence structures and overuse of conjunctions

AI often relies on rigid, formulaic sentence structures to appear analytical. It heavily overuses parallel constructions involving “not,” such as “Not only… but…” or “It is not just about…, it’s…” It also has a fondness for the “rule of three”—listing three adjectives or short phrases to feign comprehensive analysis. Furthermore, LLMs tend to overuse conjunctions like “moreover,” “in addition,” and “furthermore” in a stilted, essay-like manner.

4. Superficial analysis and vague attributions

AI-generated text often tacks on superficial analysis at the end of sentences, typically with phrases ending in “-ing,” like “…highlighting the region’s economic growth.” Worse, it frequently attributes claims to vague authorities, a practice known as weasel wording. Look for phrases like “Industry reports suggest,” “Some critics argue,” or “Observers have noted.” This is an attempt to legitimize a claim without providing a specific, verifiable source.

5. Formatting and citation errors

The most concrete evidence of AI generation often lies in its technical failures:

• Excessive boldface and lists: A mechanical tendency to bold key terms repeatedly or to structure all information in simple bullet points (•, -) or numbered lists (1., 2.).
• Broken code and placeholders: Since AI doesn’t understand Wikipedia’s specific markup language (wikitext), it often produces gibberish code like :contentReference[oaicite:0] or leaves behind placeholder text like [URL of reliable source] that the user forgot to fill in.
• Hallucinated and irrelevant sources: AI is notorious for fabricating sources to make text seem credible. It might generate invalid DOIs or ISBNs, or cite a real source that is completely irrelevant to the topic at hand.

6. E-mail and letter-like formatting

If a block of text begins with a salutation like “Dear Wikipedia Editors,” or ends with a valediction like “Thank you for your time and consideration,” it’s a strong sign that the content was generated by an AI in response to a prompt that asked it to write a message or request.

These signs are the surface-level defects of AI-generated content. A human editor can easily clean them up. The real danger, however, lies in the deeper problems that are harder to spot: a lack of factual accuracy, hidden biases, fabricated sources, and the complete absence of original thought. Therefore, when you encounter these signs, don’t just fix the formatting. Use them as a cue to critically question the entire text. In the new and complex reality of the internet, that is your best defense.

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